Conceitos de Microbiologia

Cards · 50

Staphylococcus aureus

Gram-positive cocci in clusters, catalase-positive, coagulase-positive, facultative anaerobe.

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Gram-positive lancet-shaped diplococci, alpha-hemolytic, catalase-negative, facultative anaerobe.

Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS)

Gram-positive cocci in chains, beta-hemolytic, catalase-negative, facultative anaerobe.

Escherichia coli

Gram-negative bacillus, lactose fermenter, facultative anaerobe, oxidase-negative, motile via peritrichous flagella.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Gram-negative bacillus, obligate aerobe, oxidase-positive, non-lactose fermenter, produces pyocyanin pigment.

Bacillus anthracis

Gram-positive rod, endospore-forming, encapsulated (poly-D-glutamic acid), aerobic to facultative anaerobe.

Clostridium botulinum

Gram-positive rod, obligate anaerobe, endospore-forming, neurotoxin-producing.

Clostridium tetani

Gram-positive rod with terminal spores ('drumstick' appearance), obligate anaerobe, produces tetanospasmin.

Clostridioides difficile

Gram-positive rod, endospore-forming, obligate anaerobe, toxin-producing intestinal pathogen.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Acid-fast bacillus (rich in mycolic acid), obligate aerobe, slow-growing, weakly Gram-positive.

Neisseria meningitidis

Gram-negative bean-shaped diplococci, oxidase-positive, maltose and glucose fermenter, encapsulated.

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Gram-negative kidney-shaped diplococci, oxidase-positive, glucose-fermenting only, facultative intracellular.

Salmonella enterica

Gram-negative rod, non-lactose fermenter, motile, produces hydrogen sulfide (H2S), facultative anaerobe.

Shigella dysenteriae

Gram-negative rod, non-lactose fermenter, non-motile, non-H2S producer, facultative anaerobe.

Vibrio cholerae

Gram-negative comma-shaped curved rod, oxidase-positive, halotolerant, facultative anaerobe, single polar flagellum.

Helicobacter pylori

Gram-negative curved/helical rod, microaerophilic, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, strongly urease-positive.

Campylobacter jejuni

Gram-negative gull-wing-shaped curved rod, microaerophilic, thermophilic (42°C), oxidase-positive.

Listeria monocytogenes

Gram-positive small rod, facultative anaerobe, beta-hemolytic, motile at room temp ('tumbling motility'), psychrotolerant.

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Gram-positive club-shaped pleomorphic rod in palisades or 'V' formations, catalase-positive, facultative anaerobe.

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Gram-negative rod, non-motile, heavily encapsulated (mucoid colonies), rapid lactose fermenter, facultative anaerobe.

Proteus mirabilis

Gram-negative rod, highly motile (swarming motility), urease-positive, non-lactose fermenter, facultative anaerobe.

Haemophilus influenzae

Gram-negative pleomorphic coccobacillus, facultative anaerobe, requires factors X (hemin) and V (NAD) for growth.

Bordetella pertussis

Gram-negative small encapsulated coccobacillus, strict aerobe, fastidious, oxidase-positive.

Legionella pneumophila

Gram-negative pleomorphic rod, obligate aerobe, fastidious (requires iron and L-cysteine), facultative intracellular.

Treponema pallidum

Spirochete (tightly coiled corkscrew shape), obligate microaerophilic/anaerobe, cannot be Gram-stained reliably.

Borrelia burgdorferi

Spirochete (loosely coiled), microaerophilic, vector-borne, visualized by dark-field microscopy or Giemsa.

Chlamydia trachomatis

Obligate intracellular bacterium, lacks substantial peptidoglycan, biphasic lifecycle (elementary and reticulate bodies).

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Lacks a peptidoglycan cell wall (sterols in membrane), pleomorphic, naturally resistant to beta-lactams, aerotolerant.

Enterococcus faecalis

Gram-positive cocci in pairs/short chains, gamma-hemolytic, catalase-negative, facultative anaerobe, grows in 6.5% NaCl.

Yersinia pestis

Gram-negative rod with bipolar ('safety pin') staining, non-motile, facultative anaerobe, encapsulated.

Candida albicans

Dimorphic fungus, unicellular yeast with pseudohyphae at 20°C, germ tubes and hyphae at 37°C, facultative aerobe.

Cryptococcus neoformans

Encapsulated yeast, reproduces by narrow-based budding, obligate aerobe, urease-positive, visualized by India ink.

Aspergillus fumigatus

Monomorphic filamentous fungus, septate hyphae with 45-degree acute-angle branching, obligate aerobe.

Peptidoglycan (Murein)

Polymer mesh consisting of NAG and NAM glycan chains cross-linked by amino acids, forming the bacterial cell wall.

Gram-Positive Cell Wall

Thick multi-layered peptidoglycan layer containing teichoic and lipoteichoic acids, lacking an outer membrane.

Gram-Negative Cell Wall

Thin single layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin).

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Outer membrane component of Gram-negative bacteria composed of O-antigen, core polysaccharide, and Lipid A.

Endospore

Dormant, highly resistant, non-reproductive structure containing dipicolinic acid, produced by certain Gram-positive rods.

Bacterial Capsule

Gelatinous polysaccharide (or poly-D-glutamic acid) layer outside the cell wall that impairs phagocytosis.

Bacterial Flagellum

Long, helical protein filament composed of flagellin that rotates via a proton gradient motor to provide motility.

Fimbriae / Pili

Short, hair-like protein appendages on bacterial surfaces mediating adherence (fimbriae) or conjugation (sex pili).

Obligate Aerobe

Organism that requires oxygen for ATP production via cellular respiration and cannot grow without it.

Obligate Anaerobe

Organism killed or inhibited by oxygen; uses anaerobic respiration or fermentation exclusively.

Facultative Anaerobe

Organism that synthesizes ATP via aerobic respiration when O2 is present, but switches to fermentation or anaerobic respiration without O2.

Microaerophile

Organism that requires low levels of oxygen (2-10%) for survival and is damaged by atmospheric oxygen concentrations.

Aerotolerant Anaerobe

Organism that metabolizes energy strictly anaerobically but is not poisoned by the presence of oxygen.

Catalase Test

Enzymatic test detecting conversion of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to water and O2 gas; bubbles indicate a positive result.

Oxidase Test

Assay testing for presence of cytochrome c oxidase in the bacterial electron transport chain using a redox indicator.

Acid-Fast Stain (Ziehl-Neelsen)

Differential stain for mycolic-acid-rich walls; acid-fast bacteria resist acid-alcohol decolorization and stain red/pink.

Serratia marcescens

Gram-negative bacillus, facultative anaerobe, motile, typically produces a red pigment (prodigiosin) at room temperature.