Conceitos de Sociologia

Cards · 52

Anomie

A state of normlessness where social norms break down, often leading to feelings of alienation and purposelessness in individuals.

Alienation

A condition in capitalism where workers lose control over their labor, products, colleagues, and human potential, as described by Karl Marx.

Socialization

The lifelong process through which individuals learn norms, values, behaviors, and social skills required by their culture.

Functionalism

A framework that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability.

Conflict Theory

A perspective emphasizing that social order is maintained by power and domination, focusing on inequalities among social groups.

Symbolic Interactionism

A micro-level perspective asserting that society is built from everyday interactions and the shared meanings individuals attach to symbols.

Social Stratification

A society's categorization of its people into socioeconomic tiers based on wealth, income, race, education, and power.

Habitus

Pierre Bourdieu's concept of deeply ingrained habits, skills, and dispositions acquired through life experiences and social background.

Cultural Capital

Non-financial assets such as education, speech patterns, taste, and cultural knowledge that promote social mobility.

Looking-Glass Self

Charles Horton Cooley's concept that a person's self-concept is formed through the perception of how others view and judge them.

Sociological Imagination

C. Wright Mills' term for the ability to link personal troubles to broader public and historical issues.

Social Fact

Emile Durkheim's concept of external ways of acting, thinking, and feeling that exert coercive control over an individual.

Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft

Tönnies' distinction between close-knit community relationships based on tradition and impersonal associations based on modern utility.

Dramaturgical Perspective

Erving Goffman's view of social life as a theatrical performance where people act out roles using front and back stages.

Panopticism

Michel Foucault's model of modern disciplinary power where individuals self-monitor due to the constant possibility of surveillance.

Intersectionality

A framework explaining how social identities like race, gender, class, and sexuality overlap to create unique forms of discrimination.

Labeling Theory

The theory that deviance is not inherent to an act, but results from social responses and the application of labels onto individuals.

McDonaldization

George Ritzer's concept describing how principles of fast-food restaurants (efficiency, calculability, predictability) dominate society.

Hegemony

Antonio Gramsci's term for the cultural and moral leadership through which a ruling class dominates subordinate classes with their consent.

Mechanical Solidarity

Durkheim's term for social cohesion in traditional societies based on shared beliefs, common values, and low division of labor.

Organic Solidarity

Durkheim's term for social cohesion in modern industrial societies based on specialization and mutual interdependence.

Iron Cage of Bureaucracy

Max Weber's concept describing the trap of rationalization and rigid bureaucracy that stifles human freedom and individuality.

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

Robert K. Merton's concept that a false definition of a situation evokes behavior that makes the original false conception become true.

Social Mobility

The movement of individuals, families, or groups between different social positions or strata within a system of social stratification.

Role Strain vs Role Conflict

Role strain is tension within a single status; role conflict is tension between competing demands of two or more distinct statuses.

Ethnomethodology

Harold Garfinkel's sociological approach studying the everyday, practical methods people use to construct and make sense of social reality.

Glass Ceiling

An invisible institutional barrier that prevents women and minority groups from rising to higher levels of leadership and authority.

Modernization Theory

A theory suggesting that traditional societies become modern by adopting industrial technologies and Western social structures.

Dependency Theory

A theory arguing that economic resources flow from poor peripheral states to wealthy core states, enriching the latter at the expense of the former.

World-Systems Theory

Immanuel Wallerstein's model dividing the world into core, semi-periphery, and periphery regions within a capitalist global economy.

Total Institution

An isolated, tightly controlled social setting where all aspects of life are overseen by a single authority, such as prisons or asylums.

Manifest vs Latent Functions

Manifest functions are intentional and recognized consequences of social patterns; latent functions are unintended and unrecognized.

Social Capital

The networks of relationships, trust, and shared norms that enable people to act together effectively for mutual benefit.

Cultural Relativism

The practice of evaluating a culture's beliefs and practices from the perspective of that culture rather than one's own standards.

Ethnocentrism

The tendency to view one's own culture as the standard and judge other cultures as inferior or deficient.

Social Constructivism

The perspective that reality, knowledge, and social phenomena are created and sustained through human interaction and social processes.

Deviance

Any behavior, belief, or condition that violates recognized social norms and evokes disapproval or sanctions within a group.

Stigma

An attribute, behavior, or reputation that is deeply discrediting and reduces the bearer in others' minds to a tainted status.

Bureaucracy

A formal organization designed for administrative efficiency through hierarchy, written rules, specialized roles, and impersonality.

Rational Choice Theory

A framework assuming that individuals make social decisions by calculating costs and benefits to maximize personal utility.

Standpoint Theory

A feminist theory positing that authority and knowledge are rooted in an individual's specific social location and perspectives.

Verstehen

Max Weber's concept of empathetic understanding, aiming to grasp the subjective meanings people attach to their actions.

False Consciousness

Marx's term for the state in which subordinate classes misperceive the real relations of power and exploitation in their society.

Class Consciousness

Marx's term for an exploited group's collective awareness of their common class interests, needed to spark social revolution.

Risk Society

Ulrich Beck's concept describing how modern society is preoccupied with mitigating manufactured risks generated by modernization itself.

Structural Violence

Systemic ways in which social structures or institutions harm or disadvantage individuals by preventing them from meeting basic needs.

Gentrification

The process of renovating deteriorated urban neighborhoods, attracting wealthier residents and often displacing poorer inhabitants.

Secondary Deviance

Deviant behavior that emerges as a defense, attack, or adaptation to the social reactions and labels applied after initial deviant acts.

Differential Association

Edwin Sutherland's theory that individuals learn deviant values, motives, and techniques through close interactions with peers.

Strain Theory

Robert K. Merton's theory that deviance occurs when there is a disconnect between cultural goals and the institutionalized means to reach them.

Emotional Labor

Arlie Hochschild's term for the management of personal feelings to create a publicly observable and acceptable facial or bodily display at work.

Moral Panic

A widespread, exaggerated fear that a particular subculture or group poses an existential threat to societal values and safety.