História Geral

Cartões · 50

Assassination of Julius Caesar (44 BCE)

Julius Caesar was assassinated by Roman senators led by Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus to prevent him from becoming an absolute monarch.

Coronation of Charlemagne (800)

Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne Emperor of the Romans, establishing the Holy Roman Empire and reviving the Western imperial title.

Norman Conquest of England (1066)

William the Conqueror defeated King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings to claim the English crown.

Signing of Magna Carta (1215)

King John of England was forced by rebel barons to sign the charter limiting royal authority and protecting feudal rights.

Siege of Orléans (1428–1429)

Joan of Arc led French royal troops to relieve the besieged city, turning the tide of the Hundred Years' War against England.

Fall of Constantinople (1453)

Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II conquered the Byzantine capital defended by Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos, ending the Byzantine Empire.

Columbus's First Voyage to the Americas (1492)

Christopher Columbus led the Spanish expedition, sponsored by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain, establishing European contact with the Americas.

Start of the Protestant Reformation (1517)

Martin Luther posted his Ninety-Five Theses, directly challenging the Catholic Church and Pope Leo X over the sale of indulgences.

Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire (1519–1521)

Hernán Cortés led the Spanish forces alongside indigenous allies to defeat Emperor Moctezuma II and overthrow the Aztec capital.

First Circumnavigation of the Earth (1519–1522)

Ferdinand Magellan initiated the expedition, and Juan Sebastián Elcano completed it after Magellan was killed in the Philippines.

Defeat of the Spanish Armada (1588)

Lord Howard of Effingham and Sir Francis Drake commanded English forces against the invasion fleet sent by King Philip II of Spain.

Trial of Galileo Galilei (1633)

Pope Urban VIII oversaw the Roman Inquisition's trial convicting Galileo Galilei of heresy for defending heliocentrism.

Execution of King Charles I of England (1649)

Oliver Cromwell and parliamentary leaders ordered the execution of King Charles I following the English Civil War, creating the Commonwealth.

American Declaration of Independence (1776)

Thomas Jefferson drafted the document with input from John Adams and Benjamin Franklin to separate the colonies from King George III.

Storming of the Bastille (1789)

Parisian revolutionaries seized the fortress-prison governed by Bernard-René Jourdan de Launay, sparking the French Revolution.

Haitian Revolution (1791–1804)

Toussaint Louverture and Jean-Jacques Dessalines led enslaved Africans to defeat French colonial forces and establish Haiti.

Coronation of Napoleon Bonaparte (1804)

Napoleon crowned himself Emperor of the French in the presence of Pope Pius VII, establishing the First French Empire.

Battle of Waterloo (1815)

The Duke of Wellington and Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher decisively defeated Napoleon Bonaparte, ending the Napoleonic Wars.

South American Independence Campaigns (1810s–1820s)

Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín led revolutionary armies that liberated northern and southern South America from Spanish rule.

American Emancipation Proclamation (1863)

President Abraham Lincoln issued the executive order freeing enslaved people in Confederate territories during the American Civil War.

Meiji Restoration in Japan (1868)

Emperor Meiji and reforming samurai like Saigō Takamori overthrew the Tokugawa Shogunate under Tokugawa Yoshinobu to modernize Japan.

Unification of Germany (1871)

Otto von Bismarck orchestrated the political unification through war and diplomacy, crowning Wilhelm I as German Emperor.

Berlin Conference (1884–1885)

Chancellor Otto von Bismarck hosted European leaders, including King Leopold II of Belgium's agents, to regulate the Scramble for Africa.

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (1914)

Gavrilo Princip, a Serbian nationalist of the Black Hand, assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, igniting World War I.

Russian October Revolution (1917)

Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky led Bolshevik forces to overthrow Alexander Kerensky's Russian Provisional Government.

Signing of the Treaty of Versailles (1919)

Woodrow Wilson, David Lloyd George, and Georges Clemenceau dictated terms imposing reparations and territorial losses on Germany.

March on Rome (1922)

Benito Mussolini mobilized his Blackshirts to intimidate King Victor Emmanuel III into handing him control of Italy.

Salt March in India (1930)

Mahatma Gandhi led thousands of followers on a civil disobedience march against the British colonial monopoly overseen by Lord Irwin.

Hitler Appointed Chancellor of Germany (1933)

President Paul von Hindenburg appointed Adolf Hitler as Chancellor under political pressure from Franz von Papen.

Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)

General Francisco Franco led the Nationalist rebellion against Manuel Azaña's Second Spanish Republic, resulting in a dictatorship.

Munich Agreement (1938)

Neville Chamberlain and Édouard Daladier appeased Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini by ceding the Czechoslovak Sudetenland.

Invasion of Poland (1939)

Adolf Hitler launched the invasion while Józef Beck coordinated Polish defense, prompting Britain and France to enter World War II.

Attack on Pearl Harbor (1941)

Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto planned the surprise strike on the US Pacific Fleet, prompting President Franklin D. Roosevelt to declare war.

Battle of Stalingrad (1942–1943)

General Vasily Chuikov and Georgy Zhukov defended the city against General Friedrich Paulus's German 6th Army, turning the war's tide.

Normandy Landings - D-Day (1944)

General Dwight D. Eisenhower orchestrated the Allied invasion of France opposed by German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel.

Yalta Conference (1945)

Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin met to coordinate the final defeat of Nazi Germany and post-war boundaries.

Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1945)

US President Harry S. Truman ordered the bombings, leading Emperor Hirohito to announce the unconditional surrender of Japan.

Indian Independence and Partition (1947)

Jawaharlal Nehru became India's prime minister and Muhammad Ali Jinnah founded Pakistan, with Lord Mountbatten overseeing British departure.

Founding of the People's Republic of China (1949)

Mao Zedong proclaimed the socialist state in Beijing after defeating Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalist forces in the civil war.

Cuban Revolution (1959)

Fidel Castro and Che Guevara led guerrilla forces to overthrow the US-backed dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista.

First Human Spaceflight (1961)

Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin orbited the Earth aboard Vostok 1, an achievement overseen by Soviet chief designer Sergei Korolev.

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev negotiated a de-escalation after Soviet nuclear missiles were deployed in Fidel Castro's Cuba.

Assassination of John F. Kennedy (1963)

Lee Harvey Oswald shot US President John F. Kennedy in Dallas, Texas, leading to Lyndon B. Johnson assuming the presidency.

Apollo 11 Moon Landing (1969)

Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin walked on the Moon while Michael Collins piloted the command module under NASA's direction.

Camp David Accords (1978)

Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin signed a peace framework brokered by US President Jimmy Carter.

Iranian Revolution (1979)

Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini returned from exile to overthrow Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and establish an Islamic republic.

Fall of the Berlin Wall (1989)

Günter Schabowski mistakenly announced border openings, prompting thousands to cross while Mikhail Gorbachev chose not to intervene.

Release of Nelson Mandela (1990)

South African State President F. W. de Klerk released anti-apartheid leader Nelson Mandela, ending 27 years of imprisonment.

Dissolution of the Soviet Union (1991)

Mikhail Gorbachev resigned as Soviet president, transferring authority to Russian President Boris Yeltsin and formalizing the union's end.

September 11 Terrorist Attacks (2001)

Osama bin Laden directed the al-Qaeda hijackings, which led US President George W. Bush to initiate the global War on Terror.