História Geral

Cards · 50

Code of Hammurabi (c. 1754 BCE)

One of the earliest and most complete written legal codes, proclaimed by the Babylonian king Hammurabi.

Battle of Marathon (490 BCE)

Greek forces defeated the first Persian invasion of Greece, securing Athens and democracy.

Assassination of Julius Caesar (44 BCE)

Roman senators murdered the dictator perpetuo, precipitating the fall of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Empire.

Crucifixion of Jesus (c. 30–33 CE)

The foundational event for the Christian faith, leading to the rapid spread of Christianity across Rome.

Edict of Milan (313 CE)

Emperors Constantine and Licinius legalized Christianity throughout the Roman Empire.

Fall of the Western Roman Empire (476 CE)

Romulus Augustulus was deposed by Odoacer, traditionally marking the start of the European Middle Ages.

Hijra of Muhammad (622 CE)

The migration of Prophet Muhammad from Mecca to Medina, marking year one of the Islamic calendar.

Battle of Tours (732 CE)

Charles Martel halted the Umayyad caliphate advance into Western Europe, preserving Christian dominance.

Coronation of Charlemagne (800 CE)

Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne as Emperor of the Romans, establishing the foundations of the Holy Roman Empire.

Battle of Hastings (1066)

William the Conqueror defeated King Harold II, establishing Norman rule over England.

First Crusade Captures Jerusalem (1099)

Christian armies took Jerusalem from Muslim rule, establishing the Crusader states in the Levant.

Signing of the Magna Carta (1215)

English barons forced King John to sign a charter limiting royal authority and protecting feudal rights.

Black Death in Europe (1347–1351)

A devastating bubonic plague pandemic killed an estimated one-third to one-half of Europe's population.

Fall of Constantinople (1453)

The Ottoman Empire under Mehmed II conquered the Byzantine capital, ending the Eastern Roman Empire.

Gutenberg's Movable Type Press (c. 1440–1455)

Johannes Gutenberg mechanized printing in Europe, vastly accelerating the spread of information and literacy.

First Voyage of Christopher Columbus (1492)

Columbus landed in the Caribbean, initiating permanent European contact, colonization, and the Columbian Exchange.

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

Spain and Portugal divided newly discovered lands outside Europe along a meridian in the Atlantic.

Martin Luther's 95 Theses (1517)

Luther protested the sale of indulgences, sparking the Protestant Reformation across Europe.

Fall of Tenochtitlan (1521)

Hernán Cortés and indigenous allies defeated the Aztec Empire, establishing Spanish colonial rule in Mexico.

Magellan-Elcano Circumnavigation (1519–1522)

The Spanish expedition achieved the first recorded circumnavigation of the globe, proving global maritime connectivity.

Defeat of the Spanish Armada (1588)

England defeated the invading fleet of Philip II, checking Spanish naval dominance in Northern Europe.

Peace of Westphalia (1648)

Treaties ending the Thirty Years' War established the modern principle of sovereign nation-states.

Execution of Charles I (1649)

The English king was beheaded for treason, initiating the Commonwealth of England under Oliver Cromwell.

The Glorious Revolution (1688)

James II was overthrown by William III and Mary II, establishing a constitutional monarchy in England.

Publication of Newton's Principia (1687)

Isaac Newton formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation, laying the foundation of classical physics.

US Declaration of Independence (1776)

Thirteen American colonies declared their sovereignty and separation from the British Crown.

Storming of the Bastille (1789)

Parisian revolutionaries stormed the medieval fortress, inaugurating the French Revolution.

Haitian Revolution (1791–1804)

Enslaved people overthrew French colonial rule, founding the first independent nation born of an anti-slavery revolt.

Battle of Trafalgar (1805)

The British Royal Navy under Nelson defeated the Franco-Spanish fleet, securing British naval supremacy.

Battle of Waterloo (1815)

Napoleon Bonaparte was decisively defeated by Anglo-allied and Prussian forces, ending the Napoleonic Wars.

Opium Wars (1839–1860)

British and French victories forced Qing China to sign unequal treaties and open ports to foreign trade.

Revolutions of 1848

A series of republican and nationalist uprisings swept across European monarchies demanding liberal reforms.

US Emancipation Proclamation (1863)

Abraham Lincoln declared all enslaved people within Confederate-controlled territories to be free.

Meiji Restoration (1868)

Imperial rule was restored in Japan under Emperor Meiji, driving rapid modernization and industrialization.

Berlin Conference (1884–1885)

European powers regulated the Scramble for Africa, partitioning the continent into colonial spheres.

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (1914)

The heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne was shot in Sarajevo, triggering the outbreak of World War I.

Russian October Revolution (1917)

Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks seized power in Petrograd, leading to the creation of the Soviet Union.

Treaty of Versailles (1919)

The peace treaty concluded World War I, imposing heavy reparations and territorial losses on Germany.

Wall Street Crash (1929)

The collapse of the US stock market initiated the Great Depression, causing worldwide economic turmoil.

Invasion of Poland (1939)

Nazi Germany invaded Poland, leading Britain and France to declare war and starting World War II in Europe.

Attack on Pearl Harbor (1941)

Japan's surprise attack on the US naval base in Hawaii propelled the United States into World War II.

Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1945)

The United States dropped two atomic bombs on Japan, hastening the end of World War II and opening the nuclear age.

Founding of the United Nations (1945)

Fifty nations ratified the UN Charter to maintain international peace and foster global cooperation.

Indian Independence and Partition (1947)

British India gained independence and was partitioned into the sovereign dominions of India and Pakistan.

Proclamation of the People's Republic of China (1949)

Mao Zedong declared the founding of the PRC following the Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War.

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

A tense standoff between the US and the USSR over Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba brought the world near nuclear war.

Apollo 11 Moon Landing (1969)

American astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin became the first humans to walk on the lunar surface.

Fall of the Berlin Wall (1989)

The barrier dividing East and West Berlin was opened, signaling the collapse of communist regimes across Eastern Europe.

Dissolution of the Soviet Union (1991)

The USSR officially ceased to exist, ending the Cold War and yielding fifteen independent successor states.

September 11 Attacks (2001)

Al-Qaeda terrorists hijacked four commercial airliners, attacking the US and launching the global War on Terror.