História Geral: Principais Eventos

Cartões · 51

Building of the Great Pyramid of Giza

c. 2560 BCE. Constructed as a monumental tomb for Pharaoh Khufu, standing as the oldest of the ancient wonders.

Code of Hammurabi

c. 1754 BCE. One of the earliest deciphered legal codes, instituted by King Hammurabi in ancient Babylonia.

Battle of Marathon

490 BCE. Athenian forces decisively defeated the first Persian invasion of Greece.

Assassination of Julius Caesar

44 BCE. Roman senators assassinated Dictator Julius Caesar on the Ides of March, accelerating Rome's imperial transition.

Fall of the Western Roman Empire

476 CE. Chieftain Odoacer deposed Emperor Romulus Augustulus, marking the traditional transition into the Middle Ages.

The Hijra (Hegira)

622 CE. Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated from Mecca to Medina, founding the Islamic calendar.

Coronation of Charlemagne

800 CE. Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne Emperor of the Romans, uniting large parts of Western Europe.

Norman Conquest of England

1066. William the Conqueror defeated King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings, reshaping English culture and rule.

Signing of the Magna Carta

1215. English barons forced King John to grant liberties, establishing the principle that everyone is subject to law.

Outbreak of the Black Death in Europe

1347–1351. A bubonic plague pandemic swept Eurasia and North Africa, killing an estimated one-third of Europe's population.

Fall of Constantinople

1453. Ottoman forces led by Mehmed II captured Constantinople, ending the Byzantine Empire.

Gutenberg introduces movable type printing in Europe

c. 1440–1450. Johannes Gutenberg revolutionized information spread by inventing mechanical movable type printing.

First Voyage of Christopher Columbus to the Americas

1492. Columbus landed in the Caribbean under Spanish patronage, initiating permanent European contact with the Americas.

Martin Luther posts the Ninety-five Theses

1517. Luther criticized church practices, especially indulgences, sparking the Protestant Reformation across Europe.

First Circumnavigation of the Globe

1519–1522. Ferdinand Magellan's expedition proved oceanic connectivity, completed by Juan Sebastián Elcano.

Defeat of the Spanish Armada

1588. England's royal navy repelled Spain's invasion fleet, elevating English maritime power.

Peace of Westphalia

1648. Treaties ended the Thirty Years' War and established the modern concept of sovereign nation-states.

Publication of Newton's Principia

1687. Isaac Newton published his universal laws of motion and gravitation, anchoring classical mechanics.

United States Declaration of Independence

1776. Thirteen North American colonies proclaimed independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain.

Storming of the Bastille

1789. French revolutionaries seized the royal fortress prison in Paris, symbolizing the collapse of absolute monarchy.

Haitian Revolution

1791–1804. Enslaved people led an uprising against French rule, establishing the first independent Black republic.

Battle of Waterloo

1815. British, Dutch, and Prussian forces defeated Napoleon Bonaparte, ending the Napoleonic Wars.

Publication of The Communist Manifesto

1848. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels presented their theory of historical materialism and class struggle.

Meiji Restoration in Japan

1868. Imperial rule was restored, leading to rapid modernization and industrialization of Japan.

Berlin Conference

1884–1885. Major European powers regulated colonization and trade in Africa, triggering the Scramble for Africa.

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

1914. Gavrilo Princip assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir in Sarajevo, precipitating World War I.

October Revolution in Russia

1917. Bolsheviks led by Vladimir Lenin overthrew the Russian Provisional Government, establishing Soviet rule.

Treaty of Versailles

1919. The peace treaty formally ended World War I and imposed strict reparations and disarmament on Germany.

Wall Street Crash

1929. The US stock market collapsed, triggering the worldwide Great Depression throughout the 1930s.

German Invasion of Poland

1939. Adolf Hitler's troops invaded Poland, prompting Britain and France to declare war and launching World War II.

Attack on Pearl Harbor

1941. Imperial Japan launched a surprise airstrike on the US Pacific Fleet, bringing the United States into World War II.

Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

1945. The United States dropped nuclear bombs on two Japanese cities, leading directly to the end of World War II.

Founding of the United Nations

1945. Representatives of 50 nations signed the UN Charter to foster international cooperation and prevent future wars.

Partition of India

1947. British India divided into the sovereign dominions of India and Pakistan, sparking massive migrations.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

1948. The UN General Assembly adopted a milestone document establishing global fundamental human rights.

Proclamation of the People's Republic of China

1949. Mao Zedong declared the establishment of the PRC following the Chinese Communist Revolution.

Korean War Armistice

1953. An armistice halted fighting between North and South Korea, establishing the Demilitarized Zone.

Launch of Sputnik 1

1957. The Soviet Union launched the first artificial satellite into orbit, starting the Space Race.

Cuban Missile Crisis

1962. A tense 13-day confrontation between the US and the USSR brought the Cold War closest to nuclear conflict.

Apollo 11 Moon Landing

1969. American astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin became the first humans to land and walk on the Moon.

Fall of Saigon

1975. North Vietnamese forces captured the southern capital, ending the Vietnam War and reunifying the country.

Iranian Revolution

1979. Popular protests overthrew the Pahlavi monarchy, replacing it with an Islamic republic under Ayatollah Khomeini.

Chernobyl Disaster

1986. A catastrophic reactor explosion in Soviet Ukraine released massive amounts of radioactive material across Europe.

Fall of the Berlin Wall

1989. Mass protests led East Germany to open its borders, symbolizing the impending collapse of the Eastern Bloc.

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

1991. The USSR officially dissolved into 15 independent republics, bringing an end to the Cold War.

Rwandan Genocide

1994. Ethnic Hutu extremists slaughtered an estimated 500,000 to 800,000 Tutsi and moderate Hutu within 100 days.

End of Apartheid in South Africa

1994. South Africa held its first fully multiracial democratic elections, resulting in Nelson Mandela becoming president.

September 11 Attacks

2001. Al-Qaeda terrorists hijacked four airliners in the US, destroying the World Trade Center towers and damaging the Pentagon.

Global Financial Crisis

2007–2008. The collapse of the US subprime mortgage market triggered the worst worldwide economic recession since the 1930s.

Outbreak of the Arab Spring

2010–2011. A wave of pro-democracy protests and uprisings spread across the Arab world, toppling several long-standing autocrats.

COVID-19 Pandemic Declaration

2020. The World Health Organization officially declared COVID-19 a pandemic, leading to global disruptions and lockdowns.