Martin Luther King Jr. em Inglês

Cartões · 52

Martin Luther King Jr.

Baptist minister and foremost civil rights leader who advocated nonviolent resistance to end racial segregation in the United States.

Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)

A 381-day protest sparked by Rosa Parks' arrest that led to the Supreme Court ruling segregation on public buses unconstitutional.

Rosa Parks

Civil rights activist whose arrest for refusing to surrender her bus seat ignited the Montgomery Bus Boycott.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

Civil rights organization founded in 1957 by King and other ministers to coordinate nonviolent mass action across the South.

Nonviolent Resistance

Core philosophy championed by King, inspired by Mahatma Gandhi and Christian teachings, utilizing peaceful direct action to achieve justice.

Mahatma Gandhi's Influence

Inspired King's adoption of civil disobedience, moral persuasion, and nonviolent noncooperation as the primary tools for social change.

Jim Crow Laws

State and local statutes in the Southern United States that enforced racial segregation and disenfranchised Black citizens.

Albany Movement (1961-1962)

A desegregation campaign in Georgia that taught King to target specific, focused goals rather than attempt citywide desegregation at once.

Birmingham Campaign (1963)

Direct-action campaign using sit-ins and marches to protest discrimination in Alabama, met with brutal police repression.

Letter from Birmingham Jail (1963)

King's famous open letter defending nonviolent protest and arguing an individual has a moral duty to disobey unjust laws.

Bull Connor

Birmingham public safety commissioner who ordered police dogs and high-pressure fire hoses against peaceful civil rights demonstrators.

Children's Crusade (1963)

A pivotal march by hundreds of students in Birmingham that provoked national outrage after police attacked the youths with fire hoses.

March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom (1963)

Massive rally of over 250,000 people at the Lincoln Memorial demanding civil rights legislation and economic justice.

I Have a Dream Speech

King's iconic 1963 address envisioning a future where individuals are judged by character rather than skin color.

Lincoln Memorial

The symbolic venue chosen for the 1963 March on Washington, linking the civil rights movement to Abraham Lincoln's emancipation legacy.

16th Street Baptist Church Bombing (1963)

Ku Klux Klan terrorist attack in Birmingham that killed four young Black girls, galvanizing national support for civil rights.

Nobel Peace Prize (1964)

Awarded to King at age 35 for his nonviolent struggle to overcome racial inequality in the United States.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Landmark federal law that banned segregation in public places and outlawed employment discrimination based on race, color, or sex.

Selma to Montgomery Marches (1965)

Three protest marches held in Alabama to demand federal voting rights protections for Black citizens.

Bloody Sunday (March 7, 1965)

Violent assault by Alabama state troopers on peaceful voting rights marchers at the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma.

Edmund Pettus Bridge

The site where civil rights marchers were brutally beaten on Bloody Sunday, becoming an enduring symbol of the voting rights struggle.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Federal law outlawing discriminatory voting practices, such as literacy tests, previously used to disenfranchise Southern Black voters.

Chicago Freedom Movement (1966)

King's major initiative to address Northern segregation, fair housing practices, and urban poverty outside the South.

Open Housing Act (Fair Housing Act of 1968)

Legislation prohibiting discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing, passed partly due to the Chicago movement and King's death.

Beyond Vietnam Speech (1967)

Address delivered at Riverside Church where King openly condemned the Vietnam War, linking militarism to domestic poverty.

The Giant Triplets

Concept defined by King referring to the interrelated evils of racism, economic exploitation (poverty), and militarism.

Poor People's Campaign (1968)

An effort organized by King to demand economic aid, jobs, and housing for impoverished Americans across all racial groups.

Memphis Sanitation Strike (1968)

Labor strike by Black sanitation workers demanding safer conditions and equal pay, which King traveled to Tennessee to support.

I've Been to the Mountaintop (1968)

King's final prophetic speech delivered in Memphis on April 3, 1968, the night before his assassination.

Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.

Tragic event occurring on April 4, 1968, when King was fatally shot at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee.

Lorraine Motel

The motel in Memphis where King was assassinated; now the site of the National Civil Rights Museum.

James Earl Ray

Fugitive and convicted criminal who was convicted of assassinating King and sentenced to 99 years in prison.

King Assassination Riots (1968)

Outpouring of civil unrest that erupted in more than 100 American cities following King's assassination.

Coretta Scott King

Author, activist, and King's wife who championed his legacy and successfully campaigned to make his birthday a federal holiday.

The King Center

Institution established in Atlanta by Coretta Scott King in 1968 to preserve King's work and educate on nonviolent conflict resolution.

Martin Luther King Jr. Day

Federal holiday signed into law in 1983 and celebrated annually on the third Monday of January to honor King's legacy.

Ebenezer Baptist Church

Historic church in Atlanta where both King and his father served as co-pastors, serving as a hub for the civil rights movement.

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

Youth-led civil rights group that collaborated with and occasionally challenged King's leadership strategies in the 1960s.

Sit-in Movement (1960)

Wave of peaceful protests at segregated lunch counters across the South that King endorsed to challenge retail segregation.

Freedom Rides (1961)

Interstate bus trips organized by civil rights activists to challenge segregated Southern bus terminals, supported by King.

FBI Surveillance and COINTELPRO

Covert domestic intelligence program led by J. Edgar Hoover aimed at discrediting and neutralizing King as a civil rights leader.

Beloved Community

King's philosophical vision of a global society free of poverty, prejudice, and hate, realized through nonviolence and mutual reconciliation.

Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community?

King's 1967 book analyzing the state of American race relations and proposing economic restructuring to eradicate poverty.

Stride Toward Freedom (1958)

King's memoir chronicling the history and moral lessons of the Montgomery Bus Boycott.

Why We Can't Wait (1964)

King's book documenting the 1963 Birmingham Campaign and making the moral case for urgent civil rights legislation.

Presidential Medal of Freedom (1977)

Posthumous honor awarded to King by President Jimmy Carter recognizing his supreme contributions to civil rights and democracy.

Congressional Gold Medal (2004)

Posthumous honor bestowed jointly on Martin Luther King Jr. and Coretta Scott King by the United States Congress.

Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial (Washington, D.C.)

National monument dedicated in 2011 featuring the Stone of Hope carving inspired by a line from his famous 1963 speech.

Stone of Hope

Central granite sculpture at King's memorial, originating from the line: 'Out of the mountain of despair, a stone of hope.'

The Arc of the Moral Universe

Famous phrase popularized by King stating: 'The arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends toward justice.'

Civil Disobedience

The deliberate, peaceful violation of unjust laws combined with the willingness to accept legal penalties to highlight injustice.

Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere

Enduring principle from King's Letter from Birmingham Jail arguing that human societies are mutually bound in shared destiny.