Conceitos de Antropologia

Cartões · 52

Culture

Shared, learned behavior, beliefs, values, and symbols passed through generations, forming the core framework of anthropological study.

Cultural Relativism

The principle that an individual's beliefs and activities should be understood through the lens of their own culture rather than judged by external standards.

Ethnocentrism

The tendency to judge other cultures by the standards and values of one's own culture, often viewing the other as inferior.

Participant Observation

A primary ethnographic research method where the researcher immerses themselves in the daily life of a community to understand its social context.

Ethnography

The scientific study and written account of individual societies and cultures based on systematic empirical field research.

Franz Boas

The father of American anthropology, known for promoting cultural relativism, historical particularism, and the four-field anthropological approach.

Historical Particularism

Boas's theory that each society has a unique history and cannot be explained by universal developmental stages of cultural evolution.

Bronisław Malinowski

Pioneer of long-term participant observation and functionalism, arguing that cultural institutions exist to fulfill human biological and psychological needs.

Structural Functionalism

A theoretical framework associated with Radcliffe-Brown that views society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability.

A. R. Radcliffe-Brown

British anthropologist who developed structural functionalism, focusing on how social structures maintain cultural equilibrium.

Claude Lévi-Strauss

French anthropologist who founded structuralism, analyzing cultural patterns like myth and kinship as expressions of universal human mental structures.

Structuralism

An approach that analyzes culture through universal binary oppositions and underlying linguistic or mental rules that shape human thought.

Clifford Geertz

Champion of interpretive anthropology, who defined culture as a web of significance and introduced the concept of thick description.

Thick Description

Geertz's method of explaining not just human behavior, but its context and cultural meaning, so the action becomes meaningful to an outsider.

Margaret Mead

Pioneering cultural anthropologist whose work on adolescence in Samoa demonstrated the cultural plasticity of gender and developmental stages.

Ruth Benedict

Anthropologist who authored Patterns of Culture, arguing that each culture develops a distinct psychological configuration or personality type.

Emic Perspective

An insider's view and meaningful categorization of cultural phenomena as experienced by members of that culture.

Etic Perspective

An outsider's analytical framework and scientific categories used to explain cultural practices objectively.

Unilineal Evolutionism

19th-century theory by Tylor and Morgan proposing that all societies progress through the same universal stages of savagery, barbarism, and civilization.

Edward Burnett Tylor

Foundational figure who provided the first explicit anthropological definition of culture and studied the evolution of religion from animism.

Lewis Henry Morgan

Early evolutionist who linked cultural progress to technological advancement and conducted foundational studies on kinship terminology.

Kula Ring

A ceremonial exchange network in the Trobriand Islands analyzed by Malinowski to demonstrate how gift exchange creates social alliances and prestige.

Potlatch

A ceremonial feast practiced by Pacific Northwest Indigenous groups involving gift-giving and wealth destruction to validate social status.

Marcel Mauss

French sociologist who wrote The Gift, analyzing how reciprocal gift-giving builds obligations and cements enduring social contracts.

Total Social Fact

Mauss's concept for an institution, such as the gift, that simultaneously involves religious, legal, moral, and economic dimensions.

Liminality

The transitional stage in a rite of passage where an individual is betwixt and between established social statuses, elaborated by Victor Turner.

Victor Turner

Symbolic anthropologist known for his work on rituals, rites of passage, liminality, and the concept of communitas.

Communitas

An intense feeling of social solidarity, equality, and togetherness experienced by participants during a liminal ritual state.

Rite of Passage

A ritual event marking a person's transition from one social status or stage of life to another, identified by Arnold van Gennep.

Kinship

The system of social relationships based on descent, marriage, and culturally defined bonds that forms the backbone of social organization.

Matrilineal Descent

A kinship tracing rule where lineage, property, and group membership are inherited exclusively through female ancestors.

Patrilineal Descent

A kinship tracing rule where lineage, title, and inheritance are transmitted exclusively through male ancestors.

Endogamy

The social rule or practice requiring individuals to marry within a specific ethnic, social, religious, or caste group.

Exogamy

The social rule or custom requiring individuals to marry outside their own kin group, clan, or defined social unit.

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

The linguistic relativity principle suggesting that the structure of a language shapes and limits the ways its speakers perceive the world.

Habitus

Pierre Bourdieu's concept of deeply ingrained social habits, skills, and dispositions acquired through life experiences within a social class.

Cultural Capital

Non-financial social assets, such as education, speech patterns, and tastes, that promote social mobility in a stratified society.

Cultural Hegemony

Antonio Gramsci's concept, widely used in anthropology, of elite domination maintained through cultural norms and values rather than force.

Symbolic Anthropology

The study of cultural symbols and how they are interpreted by people to assign meaning to their lives and social interactions.

Mary Douglas

Anthropologist famous for Purity and Danger, exploring how cultural definitions of dirt and pollution enforce social categories and boundaries.

Enculturation

The lifelong process by which individuals learn and internalize the culture, norms, and values of their surrounding society.

Acculturation

The process of cultural change and psychological adaptation that occurs when two distinct cultural groups come into continuous first-hand contact.

Syncretism

The blending of different religious, cultural, or philosophical beliefs and practices into a new, distinct system.

Agency

The capacity of individual human actors to act independently, make their own free choices, and influence structural conditions.

Hegemony and Resistance

James C. Scott's analytical focus on how marginalized groups use everyday, subtle forms of defiance, known as weapons of the weak.

Reciprocity

Non-market exchange of goods and labor, categorized by Marshall Sahlins into generalized, balanced, and negative forms.

Anthropocene

The proposed geological epoch defined by significant human impact on Earth's ecosystems, explored deeply in environmental anthropology.

Multispecies Ethnography

An anthropological approach that studies the interrelated lives and symbiotic networks of humans and other non-human living organisms.

Eduardo Viveiros de Castro

Brazilian anthropologist who developed Amerindian perspectivism, arguing Indigenous Amazonians view non-humans as having human souls.

Medical Anthropology

Subfield examining how health, illness, healthcare systems, and healing practices are shaped by cultural, political, and economic factors.

Applied Anthropology

The practical application of anthropological data, perspectives, and methods to assess and solve contemporary social and human problems.

Reflexivity

An ethnographer's critical awareness of their own background, biases, and role, and how these affect their fieldwork and representations.