Conceitos de Sociologia

Cartões · 30

Sociological Imagination

The ability to see the connection between individual experiences and larger social and historical forces.

Socialization

The lifelong process through which individuals learn and internalize the norms, values, and behaviors of their society.

Culture

The shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and material objects that characterize a group or society.

Social Structure

The stable pattern of social relationships and institutions that organize society.

Social Institution

An established and enduring pattern of social behavior organized around a specific societal purpose, such as family or education.

Norms

The explicit and implicit rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members.

Values

Culturally defined standards that people use to decide what is desirable, good, and beautiful.

Status

A recognized social position that an individual occupies within a social group or society.

Ascribed Status

A social position that a person receives at birth or takes on involuntarily later in life.

Achieved Status

A social position that a person earns or chooses voluntarily through effort and ability.

Role

The behavior, rights, and obligations expected of someone who holds a particular social status.

Role Conflict

A situation in which incompatible expectations arise from two or more statuses held by the same person.

Social Stratification

A system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy based on wealth, power, and prestige.

Class Consciousness

A subjective awareness of one's membership in a social class and understanding of its collective interests.

Anomie

A condition of instability resulting from a breakdown of standards and values or from a lack of purpose or ideals.

Deviance

Recognized violation of cultural norms and social rules.

Social Control

The techniques and strategies used by a society to prevent deviant behavior and enforce conformity.

Functionalism

A theoretical framework that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability.

Conflict Theory

A theoretical perspective that views society as a site of inequality and struggle for dominance among competing groups.

Symbolic Interactionism

A micro-level framework that views society as the product of everyday social interactions mediated by symbols.

Ethnocentrism

The practice of judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture.

Cultural Relativism

The practice of judging a culture by its own standards rather than applying the standards of another culture.

Alienation

A feeling of separation or estrangement from oneself, work, or society, often associated with industrial capitalism.

Bureaucracy

A formal organization characterized by a hierarchy of authority, division of labor, and explicit rules.

Capitalism

An economic system in which natural resources and the means of producing goods and services are privately owned.

Social Mobility

The movement of individuals or groups between different positions in a society's stratification system.

Agency

The capacity of individuals to act independently and make their own free choices.

Hegemony

The political, economic, or cultural dominance of one group over others, often accepted as natural or consensus-based.

Intersectionality

An analytical framework for understanding how aspects of a person's social identities combine to create unique modes of discrimination or privilege.

Secularization

The historical process in which religion loses social and cultural significance in a society.