Sistemas do Corpo Humano em Inglês
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Estudo dos sistemas do corpo humano com termos em inglês e explicações sobre funções e órgãos principais. Destinado a falantes de português.
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- Circulatory system
- Transports oxygen, nutrients, and waste products throughout the body. Organs: heart, blood vessels, blood.
- Cardiovascular system
- Pumps blood and circulates oxygen and nutrients to tissues. Organs: heart, arteries, veins, capillaries.
- Respiratory system
- Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and external environment. Organs: lungs, trachea, bronchi, larynx, pharynx, nose.
- Digestive system
- Breaks down food and absorbs nutrients and water into the bloodstream. Organs: stomach, small intestine, large intestine, esophagus, liver, pancreas.
- Nervous system
- Transmits electrical signals to control body activities and process sensory information. Organs: brain, spinal cord, nerves.
- Central nervous system
- Processes information and coordinates bodily responses. Organs: brain, spinal cord.
- Peripheral nervous system
- Connects the central nervous system to limbs and organs. Organs: cranial nerves, spinal nerves, ganglia.
- Autonomic nervous system
- Regulates involuntary physiological processes such as heart rate and digestion. Organs: sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves.
- Skeletal system
- Provides structural support, protects internal organs, and stores minerals. Organs: bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons.
- Muscular system
- Facilitates bodily movement, maintains posture, and generates heat. Organs: skeletal muscles, smooth muscles, cardiac muscle.
- Endocrine system
- Produces hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, and mood. Organs: pituitary gland, thyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes.
- Immune system
- Defends the body against infectious organisms and foreign invaders. Organs: white blood cells, bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes.
- Lymphatic system
- Maintains fluid balance and supports the immune response by filtering pathogens. Organs: lymph nodes, lymph vessels, spleen, thymus, tonsils.
- Urinary system
- Eliminates liquid waste products and regulates blood volume and pH. Organs: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra.
- Renal system
- Filters metabolic wastes from the blood and manages electrolyte balance. Organs: kidneys, renal arteries, renal veins, nephrons.
- Integumentary system
- Protects internal structures from environmental damage and prevents dehydration. Organs: skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands.
- Exocrine system
- Secretes substances onto epithelial surfaces via specialized ducts. Organs: sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands, lacrimal glands.
- Male reproductive system
- Produces sperm and male sex hormones to enable procreation. Organs: testes, prostate gland, vas deferens, penis, scrotum.
- Female reproductive system
- Produces ova, facilitates fertilization, and supports fetal development. Organs: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina.
- Upper respiratory tract
- Conducts, warms, and humidifies inhaled air before it reaches the lungs. Organs: nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx.
- Lower respiratory tract
- Allows gas exchange and conducts air deep into thoracic tissue. Organs: trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, alveoli.
- Gastrointestinal tract
- Forms the continuous muscular tube responsible for digesting food and expelling solid waste. Organs: mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines.
- Upper digestive tract
- Ingests and mechanically/chemically begins breaking down food matter. Organs: oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach.
- Lower digestive tract
- Absorbs water and nutrients and compacts undigested matter into feces. Organs: duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon, rectum.
- Biliary system
- Produces, stores, and releases bile to emulsify dietary fats. Organs: liver, gallbladder, bile ducts.
- Hepatic portal system
- Directs blood from parts of the gastrointestinal tract directly to the liver. Organs: hepatic portal vein, liver capillaries, mesenteric veins.
- Arterial system
- Carries oxygenated blood away from the heart toward peripheral tissues. Organs: aorta, systemic arteries, arterioles.
- Venous system
- Returns deoxygenated blood and metabolic waste toward the heart. Organs: vena cava, systemic veins, venules.
- Microvascular system
- Facilitates the exchange of gases, fluids, and nutrients at the cellular level. Organs: terminal arterioles, capillary beds, postcapillary venules.
- Somatic nervous system
- Governs voluntary movements and relays conscious sensory data. Organs: sensory nerves, motor nerves, skeletal neuromuscular junctions.
- Enteric nervous system
- Governs the intrinsic motor and secretory reflexes of the gut. Organs: myenteric plexus, submucosal plexus.
- Olfactory system
- Detects airborne chemical odorants and transmits smell signals to the brain. Organs: olfactory mucosa, olfactory bulb, olfactory nerve.
- Visual system
- Collects, refracts, and interprets light to produce visual images. Organs: eyes, retina, optic nerve, visual cortex.
- Auditory system
- Detects sound vibrations and converts them into neural signals. Organs: outer ear, tympanic membrane, cochlea, auditory nerve.
- Vestibular system
- Maintains spatial orientation, equilibrium, and physical balance. Organs: semicircular canals, utricle, saccule, vestibulocochlear nerve.
- Gustatory system
- Processes chemical taste signals from consumed food and drinks. Organs: taste buds, tongue papillae, glossopharyngeal nerve, facial nerve.
- Somatosensory system
- Detects touch, pressure, vibration, temperature, and nociception. Organs: skin mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, dorsal root ganglia.
- Neuroendocrine system
- Integrates neuronal inputs to trigger coordinated hormone release. Organs: hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland.
- Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
- Regulates stress responses, digestion, and the immune system via cortisol. Organs: hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal cortex.
- Axial skeleton
- Protects the central nervous system, brain, and vital thoracic organs. Organs: cranium, vertebral column, ribs, sternum.
- Appendicular skeleton
- Enables locomotion and manipulation of objects in the external environment. Organs: pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, upper limbs, lower limbs.
- Lymphoid organ system
- Generates, matures, and stores lymphocytes to fight systemic infection. Organs: bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, Peyer patches.
- Hematopoietic system
- Generates and replenishes circulating red, white, and platelet blood cells. Organs: red bone marrow, liver (embryonic), spleen.
- Thermoregulatory system
- Maintains stable internal core temperature through sweating and shivering. Organs: skin, eccrine sweat glands, hypothalamus, skeletal muscles.
- Vestigial organ system
- Comprises anatomical structures that have lost most ancestral ancestral functions. Organs: vermiform appendix, coccyx, wisdom teeth.
- Excretory system
- Removes metabolic wastes, toxins, and excess salts from internal fluids. Organs: kidneys, skin, lungs, liver.
- Dentition and masticatory system
- Performs the mechanical breakdown and chewing of ingested food. Organs: teeth, mandible, maxilla, masseter muscles, temporomandibular joint.
- Vocal and phonatory system
- Produces acoustic vibration and sound for speech and vocal communication. Organs: vocal cords, larynx, resonant pharynx, lungs.
- Pulmonary circulation
- Directs deoxygenated blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen and release carbon dioxide. Organs: right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary veins.
- Systemic circulation
- Carries oxygen-rich blood to the entire body and returns depleted blood to the heart. Organs: left ventricle, aorta, systemic capillaries, venae cavae.