Termos de Internet e Redes

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IP Address

A unique numerical identifier assigned to each device connected to a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication.

IPv4

A 32-bit version of the Internet Protocol format expressed as four numbers separated by dots, supporting roughly 4.3 billion addresses.

IPv6

A 128-bit version of the Internet Protocol format represented in hexadecimal, created to replace IPv4 and provide vastly more addresses.

MAC Address

A permanent physical identifier assigned to a network interface controller (NIC) for use as a network address in local segments.

DNS (Domain Name System)

The hierarchical system that translates human-readable domain names like example.com into machine-readable IP addresses.

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

A connection-oriented protocol that ensures reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of a stream of data packets.

UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

A lightweight, connectionless protocol that prioritizes speed and low latency over guaranteed delivery and error checking.

Router

A networking device that forwards data packets between computer networks based on destination IP addresses.

Switch

A networking device that connects devices within a local area network (LAN) and uses MAC addresses to forward data at layer 2.

Hub

A basic network hardware device that broadcasts incoming data packets to all connected ports without filtering.

Modem

A hardware device that modulates digital data into analog signals and demodulates analog signals into digital data over physical lines.

Default Gateway

The node in a computer network that serves as an access point to other networks when no other route matches a destination IP.

Subnet Mask

A 32-bit number that divides an IP address into network and host portions, defining the boundaries of a subnetwork.

CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing)

A method for allocating IP addresses and routing IP packets using prefix notation (like /24) rather than rigid address classes.

LAN (Local Area Network)

A computer network covering a small geographic area, such as a home, office, or building.

WAN (Wide Area Network)

A telecommunications network that extends over a large geographic distance, often connecting multiple smaller networks.

WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network)

A local area network that links devices using wireless communication standards like Wi-Fi.

VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network)

A logical subnetwork that groups together devices from different physical LANs into a single broadcast domain.

VPN (Virtual Private Network)

An encrypted connection over the internet from a device to a network, ensuring secure data transmission.

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)

A network protocol that automatically assigns IP addresses and related configuration parameters to devices on a network.

NAT (Network Address Translation)

A method that re-maps an entire private IP address space into a single public IP address when communicating over the internet.

Firewall

A security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules.

Bandwidth

The maximum rate of data transfer across a given network path in a specific amount of time, typically measured in bits per second.

Latency

The time delay between a data sender initiating a transmission and the data receiver processing it.

Throughput

The actual rate at which data is successfully delivered over a communication channel in practice.

Packet

A formatted unit of data carried by a packet-switched network, containing control information and payload data.

Payload

The essential cargo of data in a transmission packet, excluding overhead headers or metadata.

Jitter

The variation or inconsistency in the delay of arriving data packets over a digital network.

Ping

A network utility used to test the reachability of a host on an IP network and measure the round-trip time for messages.

Traceroute

A network diagnostic tool used to display the route and transit delays of packets across an IP network.

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)

An application layer protocol used for transmitting hypermedia documents, such as HTML, over the web.

HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure)

An extension of HTTP that encrypts bidirectional communications using TLS/SSL to protect data integrity and privacy.

SSL/TLS

Cryptographic protocols designed to provide end-to-end communication security and privacy over a computer network.

FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

A standard communication protocol used for the transfer of computer files between a client and server on a network.

SSH (Secure Shell)

A cryptographic network protocol for operating network services securely over an unsecured network, commonly used for remote access.

Telnet

An unencrypted legacy protocol used on the internet or local area network to provide a bidirectional interactive text-oriented facility.

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

An internet standard communication protocol for electronic mail transmission from client to mail server or between servers.

IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol)

An email retrieval protocol that stores messages on a server and synchronizes them across multiple client devices.

POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3)

An email retrieval protocol that downloads emails from a server to a local client and typically deletes them from the server.

OSI Model

A conceptual framework of 7 layers used to describe how data communication systems interact over a network.

TCP/IP Model

A four-layer protocol suite framework that specifies how data should be packetized, addressed, transmitted, routed, and received.

Physical Layer (Layer 1)

The lowest OSI layer responsible for the transmission and reception of unstructured raw data bits over a physical medium.

Data Link Layer (Layer 2)

The OSI layer responsible for node-to-node data transfer, framing, and physical addressing using MAC addresses.

Network Layer (Layer 3)

The OSI layer responsible for packet routing, forwarding, and logical addressing through protocols such as IP.

Transport Layer (Layer 4)

The OSI layer that provides end-to-end host communication, flow control, and data reliability using TCP or UDP.

Application Layer (Layer 7)

The top OSI layer closest to the end user that directly provides network services to user applications.

Port Number

A 16-bit number identifying a specific process or network service running on an IP-connected host.

Socket

One endpoint of a two-way communication link between two programs running on a network, defined by an IP and a port.

Proxy Server

An intermediary server that retrieves resources on behalf of a client from another server, often for caching or anonymity.

Reverse Proxy

A server that sits in front of web servers and forwards client requests to them, often used for load balancing and security.

Load Balancer

A device or software that distributes network or application traffic across a cluster of servers to improve responsiveness.

CDN (Content Delivery Network)

A geographically distributed network of proxy servers and data centers that delivers content quickly based on user location.

BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)

The standard routing protocol of the internet that exchanges routing information between autonomous systems.

Autonomous System (AS)

A collection of connected IP routing prefixes under the control of one or more network operators with a single routing policy.

ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)

A supporting network protocol used by devices to send error messages and operational information, such as ping requests.

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)

A communication protocol used to discover the link layer address (MAC) associated with a given network layer address (IP).