Idade Média

Cartões · 52

Fall of the Western Roman Empire (476)

Marked the traditional start of the Middle Ages when the Germanic leader Odoacer deposed the last Roman emperor, Romulus Augustulus.

Feudalism

A decentralized socio-political system based on reciprocal military and legal obligations between lords, vassals, and fiefdoms.

Manorialism

The economic foundation of feudalism where peasants and serfs worked the lord's estate in exchange for physical protection.

Serfdom

A condition of bonded labor where unfree peasants were tied to the land they cultivated and subject to the lord's jurisdiction.

Fief (Feudum)

A grant of land or revenue given by a lord to a vassal in exchange for loyalty, military service, and political aid.

Vassalage

A formal ceremony of homage and fealty establishing a mutual contract of loyalty and protection between a lord and a noble.

Battle of Tours (732)

Charles Martel halted the Umayyad advance into Western Europe, preserving Christian dominance in the region.

Charlemagne

King of the Franks crowned Emperor of the Romans in 800, uniting much of Western Europe and sparking the Carolingian Renaissance.

Carolingian Renaissance

A cultural revival of scholarship, art, Latin literacy, and scriptural preservation under Charlemagne and his successors.

Treaty of Verdun (843)

Partitioned the Carolingian Empire among Charlemagne's grandsons, establishing the early foundations of France and Germany.

Viking Age (c. 793-1066)

A period of Scandinavian seafaring raids, trade, and settlement across Europe, deeply influencing European politics and commerce.

Great Schism of 1054

The formal split between the Eastern Orthodox Church in Constantinople and the Roman Catholic Church in Rome.

Norman Conquest (1066)

William the Conqueror invaded England following the Battle of Hastings, integrating Anglo-Saxon society with French feudal culture.

Domesday Book (1086)

A comprehensive survey commissioned by William I to assess landholding and wealth across England for taxation and royal control.

Investiture Controversy

A fierce conflict between popes and secular monarchs over who had the authority to appoint bishops and church officials.

Concordat of Worms (1122)

An agreement resolving the Investiture Controversy by separating secular investiture by rulers from spiritual investiture by the church.

First Crusade (1096-1099)

Launched by Pope Urban II, resulting in the capture of Jerusalem and the establishment of Christian Crusader states in the Levant.

Fourth Crusade (1202-1204)

Crusaders diverted from Egypt to sack the Christian city of Constantinople, fatally weakening the Byzantine Empire.

Knights Templar

A wealthy military order founded to protect Christian pilgrims in the Holy Land, later suppressed by the French crown.

Hanseatic League

A commercial and defensive confederation of German merchant guilds and market towns dominating Baltic and North Sea trade.

Magna Carta (1215)

A charter signed by King John of England establishing that the king was subject to the law, protecting noble liberties.

Medieval Guilds

Associations of artisans or merchants that regulated trade practices, prices, craftsmanship quality, and apprentice training.

Scholasticism

A philosophical and theological approach aimed at reconciling Christian dogma with classical philosophy, especially Aristotle's.

Thomas Aquinas

Dominican theologian who synthesized Christian theology with Aristotelian thought, producing the influential Summa Theologiae.

Gothic Architecture

A medieval style characterized by pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses, enabling taller, brighter cathedrals.

Romanesque Architecture

A medieval style featuring massive stone walls, rounded arches, sturdy piers, and heavy barrel vaults with few windows.

Chivalry

A knightly moral code combining martial prowess, Christian piety, aristocratic manners, and the protection of the weak.

Three-Field System

An agricultural practice of crop rotation that increased soil fertility and food production during the High Middle Ages.

Reconquista

Centuries-long military campaign by Christian kingdoms to retake the Iberian Peninsula from Muslim Moorish rule, ending in 1492.

Mongol Invasion of Europe (1237-1242)

Mongol devastation of Kievan Rus and Eastern Europe, altering political dynamics and paving the way for the rise of Moscow.

Black Death (1347-1351)

A catastrophic plague outbreak that killed roughly a third of Europe's population, sparking massive socioeconomic upheavals.

Hundred Years' War (1337-1453)

A prolonged series of conflicts between England and France over territorial claims and the succession to the French throne.

Joan of Arc

French peasant girl whose visions led French armies to victory during the Hundred Years' War, bolstering French national unity.

Jacquerie (1358)

A massive, violent peasant revolt in northern France driven by war devastations and excessive aristocratic taxation.

Peasants' Revolt of 1381

An English uprising sparked by poll taxes and labor restrictions following the demographic collapse of the Black Death.

Avignon Papacy (1309-1376)

A period when seven successive popes resided in Avignon under French influence rather than in Rome, diminishing papal prestige.

Western Schism (1378-1417)

A major papal crisis during which rival claimants in Rome and Avignon simultaneously claimed the legitimacy of the papacy.

Council of Constance (1414-1418)

An ecumenical council that ended the Western Schism by deposing rival popes and electing Pope Martin V.

Monasticism

A religious way of life focused on asceticism, prayer, and communal living, essential for preserving literacy and manuscripts.

Rule of Saint Benedict

A set of practical precepts emphasizing moderation, obedience, and labor ('ora et labora') that shaped Western monastic life.

Mendicant Orders

Religious orders like the Franciscans and Dominicans that embraced poverty and preached actively among the urban public.

Holy Roman Empire

A multi-ethnic complex of territories in Central Europe ruled by an elected monarch claiming descent from Roman emperors.

Golden Bull of 1356

An imperial decree that institutionalized the procedure for electing the Holy Roman Emperor via seven prince-electors.

Fall of Constantinople (1453)

The conquest of the Byzantine capital by Ottoman forces under Mehmed II, ending the Roman imperial lineage.

Byzantine Empire

The Greek-speaking eastern continuation of the Roman Empire that guarded trade routes and preserved classical Greek heritage.

Inquisition

A judicial institution within the Catholic Church created to investigate, combat, and suppress theological heresy.

Catharism (Albigensians)

A dualist Christian heresy prominent in southern France that was ruthlessly crushed by the Albigensian Crusade.

Rise of Medieval Universities

Corporations of scholars and students in cities like Bologna and Paris that established formal higher education in Europe.

Gutenberg's Printing Press (c. 1440)

The invention of movable type printing, enabling the mass dissemination of texts and contributing to the end of the Middle Ages.

Trivium and Quadrivium

The seven liberal arts constituting medieval university curricula: grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy.

Chanson de Geste

Epic poems celebrating legendary heroic deeds and chivalric duty, such as the famous Song of Roland.

Peace and Truce of God

Church-led movements that limited private warfare and protected non-combatants such as clerics and peasants from violence.