Nivelamento de Química
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Estude conceitos fundamentais da química com definições claras de termos essenciais. Ideal para estudantes que estão iniciando no assunto.
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- Atom
- The basic unit of a chemical element, consisting of a nucleus surrounded by electrons.
- Molecule
- A group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.
- Element
- A pure substance consisting of only one type of atom that cannot be broken down by chemical means.
- Compound
- A substance formed when two or more different chemical elements are chemically bonded together.
- Ion
- An atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons.
- Cation
- A positively charged ion formed when an atom loses one or more electrons.
- Anion
- A negatively charged ion formed when an atom gains one or more electrons.
- Proton
- A subatomic particle with a positive electric charge located in the atomic nucleus.
- Neutron
- A subatomic particle with no electric charge located in the atomic nucleus.
- Electron
- A stable subatomic particle with a negative electric charge found outside the nucleus.
- Atomic Number
- The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, which determines its chemical identity.
- Mass Number
- The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.
- Isotope
- Variants of a particular chemical element that differ in neutron number while sharing the same proton number.
- Periodic Table
- A tabular arrangement of chemical elements organized by atomic number and chemical properties.
- Valence Electron
- An electron in the outermost shell of an atom that can participate in chemical bond formation.
- Covalent Bond
- A chemical bond formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.
- Ionic Bond
- A chemical bond formed through the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.
- Metallic Bond
- A chemical bond arising from the electrostatic attractive force between conduction electrons and positively charged metal ions.
- Hydrogen Bond
- A weak attraction between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom and another electronegative atom.
- Electronegativity
- A measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons.
- pH
- A logarithmic scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.
- Acid
- A substance that donates hydrogen ions (protons) or accepts electron pairs in reactions.
- Base
- A substance that accepts hydrogen ions (protons) or donates electron pairs in reactions.
- Mole
- The SI unit of amount of substance, representing 6.022 times 10 to the power of 23 particles.
- Endothermic Reaction
- A chemical reaction that absorbs energy from its surroundings, usually in the form of heat.
- Exothermic Reaction
- A chemical reaction that releases energy to its surroundings, usually in the form of heat or light.
- Catalyst
- A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without undergoing any permanent chemical change.
- Solute
- A substance that is dissolved in a solution.
- Solvent
- A substance, usually a liquid, capable of dissolving another substance to form a solution.
- Solution
- A homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances.
- Oxidation
- A process involving the loss of electrons or an increase in oxidation state by a molecule, atom, or ion.
- Reduction
- A process involving the gain of electrons or a decrease in oxidation state by a molecule, atom, or ion.
- Activation Energy
- The minimum amount of energy required to initiate a chemical reaction.
- Enthalpy
- A thermodynamic quantity equivalent to the total heat content of a chemical system.
- Entropy
- A measure of the degree of randomness or disorder in a system.