States & Properties of Matter
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This set covers core concepts, definitions, and properties of matter, ideal for students learning basic chemistry and physics.
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- Matter
- Any substance that has mass and takes up space by having volume.
- Mass
- A quantitative measure of an object's resistance to acceleration and amount of matter.
- Volume
- The amount of three-dimensional space enclosed by a closed surface or occupied by a substance.
- Density
- The mass per unit volume of a substance, calculated as mass divided by volume.
- Atom
- The basic unit of a chemical element, consisting of a nucleus surrounded by electrons.
- Proton
- A subatomic particle found in the nucleus with a positive electric charge of +1 e.
- Neutron
- A subatomic particle in the nucleus having zero net charge and mass slightly greater than a proton.
- Electron
- A stable subatomic particle with a negative elementary electric charge orbiting the nucleus.
- Molecule
- An electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.
- Element
- A pure substance consisting entirely of atoms that have the same number of protons.
- Compound
- A substance formed when two or more chemical elements are chemically bonded together.
- Pure substance
- A form of matter having constant chemical composition and characteristic uniform properties.
- Mixture
- A material composed of two or more distinct substances physically combined without chemical bonding.
- Homogeneous mixture
- A mixture having a uniform composition and appearance throughout, such as salt dissolved in water.
- Heterogeneous mixture
- A mixture with non-uniform composition and visibly distinguishable components, like sand in water.
- Solid
- A state of matter characterized by structural rigidity, fixed shape, and definite volume.
- Liquid
- A nearly incompressible fluid that conforms to the shape of its container while maintaining constant volume.
- Gas
- A state of matter that expands freely to fill the whole volume of any container, having no fixed shape.
- Plasma
- An ionized gas containing free electrons and positive ions, exhibiting high electrical conductivity.
- Bose-Einstein condensate
- A state of matter cooled near absolute zero where bosons collapse into the lowest quantum state.
- Melting
- The physical process of phase transition from a solid to a liquid caused by heat absorption.
- Freezing
- The phase change where a liquid turns into a solid when thermal energy is removed.
- Vaporization
- The phase transition of an element or compound from liquid to vapor, encompassing boiling and evaporation.
- Condensation
- The phase transition of gas into liquid when heat is removed or pressure is increased.
- Sublimation
- The direct transition of a substance from solid to gas phase without entering an intermediate liquid state.
- Deposition
- The direct thermodynamic phase transition in which gas transforms into solid without passing through liquid.
- Physical property
- A measurable or observable characteristic of matter that does not alter its chemical identity.
- Chemical property
- A characteristic observed during a reaction in which the chemical identity of the substance changes.
- Extensive property
- A physical property that depends directly on the amount or size of matter in a sample, such as mass.
- Intensive property
- A physical property independent of sample size or quantity, such as temperature, density, or color.
- Physical change
- A change in the form or physical state of matter that does not alter its underlying chemical structure.
- Chemical change
- A process where one or more substances are permanently converted into one or more new substances.
- Solubility
- The maximum quantity of solute that can dissolve in a specified solvent at a specific temperature.
- Solute
- The substance dissolved in a liquid or other medium to form a chemical solution.
- Solvent
- The substance that dissolves a solute, resulting in a homogeneous solution, typically a liquid.
- Viscosity
- A fluid's internal measure of resistance to gradual deformation by shear or tensile stress.
- Surface tension
- The cohesive force causing the surface layer of an unconstrained liquid to behave like an elastic sheet.
- Thermal conductivity
- The intrinsic material property quantifying its capability to conduct heat via conduction.
- Electrical conductivity
- A measure of a material's intrinsic ability to conduct an electric current through charge transport.
- Malleability
- A material's capacity to deform plastically under compressive stress, such as being hammered into thin sheets.
- Ductility
- A mechanical property describing a material's capacity to stretch significantly under tensile stress into wire.
- Hardness
- The resistance of a solid matter to permanent deformation, indentation, scratching, or penetration.
- Melting point
- The temperature at which a solid and liquid phase of a pure substance coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium.
- Boiling point
- The temperature at which a liquid's equilibrium vapor pressure equals the surrounding atmospheric pressure.
- Law of Conservation of Mass
- The fundamental principle stating that mass in an isolated system is neither created nor destroyed during reactions.
- Triple point
- The unique temperature and pressure at which solid, liquid, and gas phases coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium.
- Critical point
- The end point of a phase equilibrium curve where liquid and gas boundaries vanish into a supercritical fluid.
- Kinetic Molecular Theory
- A model stating that all matter consists of constantly moving tiny particles whose speed scales with temperature.
- Specific heat capacity
- The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of one unit mass of a substance by one kelvin.
- Latent heat
- Energy absorbed or released by a substance during a constant-temperature phase change.