Química Orgânica

Cartões · 52

Alkane

Saturated hydrocarbon containing only single covalent C-C and C-H bonds, generally unreactive except in combustion and free-radical substitution.

Alkene

Unsaturated hydrocarbon containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond, readily undergoing electrophilic addition reactions.

Alkyne

Unsaturated hydrocarbon containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond, featuring linear geometry and terminal proton acidity.

Alcohol

Organic compound containing a hydroxyl group bonded to an sp3 hybridized carbon, capable of hydrogen bonding and amphoteric behavior.

Ether

Compound containing an oxygen atom bonded to two alkyl or aryl groups, relatively inert and commonly used as an aprotic solvent.

Epoxide

Three-membered cyclic ether characterized by high ring strain, making it highly susceptible to nucleophilic ring-opening.

Aldehyde

Carbonyl compound with at least one hydrogen attached to the carbonyl carbon, easily oxidized to carboxylic acids.

Ketone

Carbonyl compound where the carbonyl carbon is bonded to two carbon groups, resistant to mild oxidation.

Carboxylic Acid

Compound containing a carboxyl group, acidic due to resonance stabilization of the conjugate carboxylate anion.

Ester

Carboxylic acid derivative where the acyl group is bonded to an alkoxy group, characterized by pleasant fruity aromas.

Acyl Halide

Highly reactive carbonyl compound with a halogen attached to the acyl carbon, prone to rapid nucleophilic acyl substitution.

Acid Anhydride

Compound formed from two acyl groups joined by an oxygen atom, reactive toward nucleophiles like water, alcohols, and amines.

Amide

Compound with a carbonyl group bonded to a nitrogen atom, exhibiting resonance, planar geometry, and high stability.

Amine

Basic organic compound derived from ammonia where one or more hydrogens are replaced by alkyl or aryl groups.

Nitrile

Compound containing a cyano group with a carbon-nitrogen triple bond, hydrolyzable into carboxylic acids.

Nitro Compound

Compound containing a nitro group, acting as a strong electron-withdrawing group in aromatic substitution.

Thiol

Sulfur analogue of an alcohol with an -SH group, known for strong odors and oxidation to disulfides.

Thioether (Sulfide)

Sulfur analogue of an ether with two alkyl or aryl groups attached to sulfur, easily oxidized to sulfoxides and sulfones.

Arene (Aromatic Hydrocarbon)

Planar cyclic conjugated system obeying Huckel's rule with (4n+2) pi electrons, characterized by high thermodynamic stability.

Phenol

Aromatic compound with a hydroxyl group directly bonded to a benzene ring, significantly more acidic than aliphatic alcohols.

Halogenoalkane (Alkyl Halide)

Compound where an sp3 carbon is bonded to a halogen, functioning as an electrophile in substitution and elimination reactions.

Grignard Reagent

Organomagnesium halide serving as a strong nucleophile and base that attacks carbonyls to form new C-C bonds.

Organolithium Reagent

Extremely strong base and nucleophile with a polarized carbon-lithium bond, highly reactive toward polar electrophiles.

Electrophilic Addition

Reaction of alkenes or alkynes where a pi bond breaks to form two new sigma bonds with an attacking electrophile.

Nucleophilic Addition

Attack of a nucleophile on an electron-deficient carbonyl carbon, converting trigonal planar carbons to tetrahedral centers.

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution (EAS)

Reaction where an electrophile replaces a hydrogen atom on an aromatic ring while preserving aromaticity.

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution (NAS)

Displacement of a leaving group on an aromatic ring by a nucleophile, favored by strong electron-withdrawing ortho/para groups.

SN1 Reaction

Unimolecular two-step substitution involving a carbocation intermediate, leading to racemization at chiral centers.

SN2 Reaction

Bimolecular concerted substitution with simultaneous backside attack and leaving group departure, causing inversion of configuration.

E1 Reaction

Unimolecular two-step elimination via a carbocation intermediate, forming the most substituted alkene as major product.

E2 Reaction

Bimolecular concerted elimination requiring anti-periplanar geometry between the beta-proton and leaving group.

Markovnikov's Rule

Rule stating that in electrophilic additions of HX to unsymmetrical alkenes, hydrogen attaches to the carbon with more hydrogens.

Zaitsev's Rule

Rule stating that elimination reactions predominantly form the more substituted and thermodynamically stable alkene.

Hofmann Elimination

Sterically hindered elimination yielding the less substituted alkene as the major product.

Hydroboration-Oxidation

Syn addition of BH3 followed by alkaline oxidation yielding the anti-Markovnikov alcohol without rearrangements.

Ozonolysis

Oxidative cleavage of alkenes using ozone to generate aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids depending on workup.

Diels-Alder Reaction

Pericyclic [4+2] cycloaddition between a conjugated diene and a dienophile to form a cyclohexene ring.

Aldol Condensation

Enolate ion attacking a carbonyl followed by dehydration to yield an alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehyde or ketone.

Claisen Condensation

Carbon-carbon bond formation between two esters containing alpha-hydrogens in the presence of base, yielding a beta-keto ester.

Michael Addition

Conjugate 1,4-addition of a resonance-stabilized carbanion nucleophile to an alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl compound.

Wittig Reaction

Reaction between a phosphonium ylide and an aldehyde or ketone to selectively produce an alkene and triphenylphosphine oxide.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation

Electrophilic aromatic substitution of an arene with an alkyl halide using a Lewis acid catalyst, prone to carbocation rearrangements.

Friedel-Crafts Acylation

Reaction of an arene with an acyl chloride using AlCl3 to form an aryl ketone without carbocation rearrangement.

Jones Oxidation

Oxidation of primary alcohols to carboxylic acids and secondary alcohols to ketones using chromium trioxide in aqueous sulfuric acid.

PCC Oxidation

Mild oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes and secondary alcohols to ketones without over-oxidation to carboxylic acids.

Hydride Reduction (NaBH4)

Mild reducing agent that reduces aldehydes and ketones to primary and secondary alcohols, unreactive toward esters.

Hydride Reduction (LiAlH4)

Strong reducing agent capable of reducing aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, and amides to alcohols or amines.

Swern Oxidation

Mild, non-metallic oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols to aldehydes and ketones using oxalyl chloride and DMSO.

Fischer Esterification

Acid-catalyzed condensation equilibrium between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol to form an ester and water.

Saponification

Base-catalyzed hydrolysis of an ester using a strong hydroxide base to yield a carboxylate salt and an alcohol.

Gabriel Synthesis

Synthesis of pure primary amines from potassium phthalimide and alkyl halides, avoiding over-alkylation.

Curtius Rearrangement

Thermal decomposition of an acyl azide to an isocyanate, which hydrolyzes to yield a primary amine with loss of CO2.